FIRST LANGUAGE AND SECOND LANGUAGE
Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi Waabarakatuh
So, this is my second writing on this blog about first language and second languange which education foundation.
Happy Reading!
A. Definition of First and Second Language Procurement
There are two meanings about language acquisition. First,
language acquisition has a sudden or sudden start. Secondly, the acquisition of
language has a gradual start arising from preliminary motor, social, and
cognitive achievements, so it can be said to have a continuity feature, having
a set of unity, moving from simple one-word speech to a more complicated
combination of words.
The acquisition of language comes from the English term
acquicition that is the process of language mastery performed by the child
naturally when the child learns his first language or mother tongue. The child
process begins to communicate with the environment verbally.
a. First Language Acquisition (B1)
According to the Great Dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia the
mother language is the first language people have ever mastered through birth
through interaction with fellow members of the community, such as families and
neighborhood communities.
The first language acquisition (B1) occurs when a child who
was originally anonymous, has now acquired one language. At the time of
acquisition of children's language, the child is more focused on the
communication function than the language and through the process of learning
the verbal communication environment. The acquisition of the first language
greatly influences the child's cognitive and social development.
b. Second Language Acquisition
The second language is the language the child uses after he
has mastered his first language. The acquisition of the second language is the
process of acquiring a complex and gradual language, both experienced by both
children and adults, both oral and written. B. Stages of First and Second
Language Acquisition.
B. The Steps of Language Acquisition
a. The Steps of First Language Acquisition
1. Preliminary Level I (Meraban)
This stage takes place when a child is 0-6 months old. The
mother begins to produce sounds in the form of shouts, whimpering.
2. Preliminary stage II
This phase takes place when the child is about 6-12 months
old, the same sound produced but we can distinguish the child's intentions.
3. Phase One Word
This stage takes place when a child is between 12-18 months.
The words contain a single word that the child pronounces refers to the objects
found daily.
4. Phase Two Words
This stage takes place when the child is 18-20 months old.
The words of two words appear as mama mam and num milk. Children are able to
pronounce words well and are neatly arranged.
5. Grammar Development Stage
At this stage the child begins to produce double utterances.
The boy begins to speak long. The boy also begins to speak to many objects.
b. The Steps Of Second Language Acquisition
Second language acquisition stages can be divided into two
ways, namely
1. Guided second language acquisition is what is taught to
students by presenting the already understood material. The material depends on
the criteria specified by the teacher.
2. Second language acquisition naturally is the acquisition
of the second / alien language that occurs in daily communication, free of
teaching or teacher leadership is no uniformity of way and each individual
acquires a second language in its own way.
C. Relationship Between the Acquisition of First Language and Second Language
The language acquisition features include the whole
vocabulary, whole morphology, syntactic whole, and most phonology.
1. The first language and second language is that the first
language acquisition is an essential component of a child's cognitive and social
development,
2. The acquisition of a second language occurs after a
child's cognitive and social development is completed, in the acquisition of
the first language of the pronunciation of the pronunciation done without
error,
3. The acquisition of the first and second language
languages is similar in the order of obtaining grammar details, many
different variables between the acquisition of the first language and the
acquisition of the language.
4. A distinctive feature between the acquisition of the first
language and the second language is not necessarily present despite any
similarities and differences between the two acquisitions.
D. Theories and Figures About First Language Acquisition and Second Language Acquisition
1. Theorists and Figures About First Language Acquisition
a) Behaviorism Theory (B.F. Skinner)
The behaviorism theory highlights aspects of linguistic
behavior that can be observed directly and the relationship between stimuli
(stimulus) and reactions (response). Effective language behavior is to make the
right reaction to stimuli. This reaction will become a habit if the reaction is
justified. Thus, children learn their first language.
b) Nativism Theory (Chomsky)
According to this school, language is something complex and
complicated so that it is impossible to master it in a short time through
"imitation". Nativism also believes that every human being born has
been equipped with a tool to obtain language acquisition device (LAD).
Regarding what language the child will get depends on the language used by the
surrounding community. For example, a child who was raised in an American
environment had certainly become his first language.
c) Cognitivism Theory
According to this theory, language is not a separate natural
feature, but one of several abilities derived from cognitive maturity. Language
is structured by reason. Language development must be based on changes that are
more fundamental and more general in cognition. So, the sequence the sequence
of cognitive development determines the sequence of language development
(Chaer, 2003: 223). According to the theory of cognitivism, the most important
thing to achieve is cognitive development, then knowledge can come out in the
form of language skills
d) Theory of interactionism (Howard Gardner)
This theory assumes that language acquisition is the result
of interaction between mental learning abilities and the language environment.
Language acquisition is related to the interaction between input
"input" and the internal capabilities of the learner. Every child has
had LAD since birth. However, without any appropriate input, it is impossible
for children to master certain languages automatically.
2. Theory About Second Language Acquisition
a) Behaviorist Learning Theory is empirical, based on
observable data.
b) Behaviorists argue that the process of learning in humans
is the same as the process of learning in animals.
c) Behaviorists assume that the process of learning
languages is only part of the learning process in general.
d) According to human behaviorists there is no innate
potential for language learning.
e) The behaviorists argue that the child's mind is tabula
rasa (blank paper) which will be filled with associations between S and R.
f) In their view all behavior is a response to stimulus.
Behavior is formed in an associative sequence.
g) Learning is the process of forming associative
relationships between stimulus and repetitive responses. The formation of this
habit is called conditioning.
h) Conditioning is always accompanied by rewards as
strengthening associations between S and R.
i) Human language is a sophisticated response system that is
formed through operant conditioning / verbal learning (language).
j) Language learning theory which includes the flow of
rationalism is the theory of universal grammar, monitor theory and cognitive
theory.
E. Procurement of First Language and Second Language
1. The First Language Acquisition Process
a) Unintended learning, The acquisition process occurs
naturally, unconsciously, through informal interactions with parents and / or
peers, without guidance.
b) Live from birth
c) The family environment is very decisive
d) Motivation is a necessity
e) Lots of time to try the language
f) Many opportunities to communicate
2. The Second Language Acquisition Process
a) For most Indonesian children, Indonesian is not their
first language, but a second, or third language.
b) Introduction / mastery of Indonesian language can occur
through the acquisition process or learning process.
c) The learning process is formal, deliberate, through
educative interaction, guidance, and consciousness.
d) First Language (B1) and Second Language (B2) come
together or in different time. If obtained at different times, the Second
Language (B2) is obtained at preschool age or at elementary school age.
e) Second Language (B2) can be obtained in First Language
(B1) and Second Language (B2). If acquired in First Language environment,
Second Language is learned through formal learning process; if obtained in the
Second Language environment, the Second Language is obtained through informal
interaction, through the family, or members of the Second Language.
Again, Thankyou for reading my writing, sorry for my mistakes. i hope benefit all of you. i think thats all.
Wassalamu'alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
